CVS Questions and Answers

Need → Function → Specific Requirement → Product

The correct order is Need → Function → Specific Requirement → Product . This is the exact logic of the Function Performance Specification process. The VM Guide figure for Function Performance Specification shows the sequence as “Need Function Specific Requirement Product” , where a user need is translated into a function, then into measurable requirements, and finally into a product solution.

The sequence is important because Value Methodology begins with the user’s need or desire , not with a predetermined product. After the need is understood, the VM team defines the function that satisfies that need, normally in active verb/measurable noun format. SAVE’s study-guide material explains that work functions are quantitative and stated using an active verb and measurable noun. The next step is the specific requirement , where the function is converted into measurable performance or quality criteria, such as assessment criteria, level, and flexibility. Only after the need, function, and requirement are clear should the team identify the product , which is the solution provided to satisfy the defined need. Starting with “Product” would be a classic VM error because it locks the team into a solution before understanding function.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; Function Performance Specification; Need; Function; Specific Requirement; Product; Performance Criteria.

The correct answers are C and D . The end-of-workshop presentation is part of the Presentation Phase , whose objective is to obtain concurrence and commitment from the designer, project sponsor, and management to proceed with implementation. SAVE’s VM Job Plan identifies Presentation Phase activities as presenting an oral report, preparing the written report, and obtaining implementation commitments. ( UW Courses )

Therefore, the level of management involvement directly affects scheduling because the presentation must be arranged when the decision-making body, sponsor, designer, and appropriate managers are available. The standard states that the VM team presents recommendations to the decision-making body and uses interactive discussion to obtain approval or direction for more information. ( UW Courses )

The number of VM proposals developed also affects scheduling because more proposals require more time for explanation, supporting data, benefit analysis, cost/schedule impacts, risks, and implementation requirements. The Development Phase requires each proposed alternative to include technical data, cost and performance data, schedule impact, and implementation planning before presentation. ( UW Courses )

Team size and general participant count may affect logistics, but they are not the primary scheduling drivers for the formal final presentation.

References/topics: Presentation Phase; Development Phase; VM Proposals; Management Commitment; Implementation Planning.

The correct answers are A and C . A fine evaluation filter is used in the Evaluation Phase when the VM team needs a more disciplined and defensible method for screening ideas before selecting them for development. SAVE’s VM Job Plan states that evaluation factors and their relative importance should be agreed upon before ideas are evaluated, and that ideas are then ranked and rated against the most important evaluation criteria.

Option A is correct because the fine filter applies weighted relative importance to evaluation criteria. This prevents all criteria from being treated equally when some factors, such as cost, performance, risk, schedule, or customer impact, are more important than others. Option C is correct because this method increases rigor by moving the team from informal opinion to structured comparison. It supports rational selection of ideas for development and reduces bias, popularity-based decisions, and premature rejection of valuable alternatives.

Option B is incorrect because the purpose is not to slow the process or promote initial ideas. Option D may be a result of scoring, but it is not the primary distinguishing reason for using the fine filter.

References/topics: Evaluation Phase; Fine Evaluation Filter; Weighted Criteria; Ranking and Rating Ideas; Selection for Development.

The correct answers are A and B . Function Analysis is used to give the VM team a clearer and often new understanding of the project by describing the project in terms of what it must do , rather than what it currently is . The SAVE International Study Guide identifies Function Analysis as the foundation of Value Methodology and states that functions are identified to describe the work being performed within the study scope. It also explains that functions are expressed through active verb and measurable noun pairings, which supports clear thinking and a shared understanding of functional requirements. ( )

Function Analysis is also used to identify improvements . After defining and naming project functions, the team reviews them to determine which functions may be inefficient, over-costly, or suitable for improvement. The Study Guide further explains that this process allows the team to identify where value improvement opportunities exist in the project. ( ) Creating a collaborative environment is more broadly related to facilitation and team dynamics, not the primary purpose of function analysis. Assisting only individuals with a technical background is incorrect because VM is multidisciplinary.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; Function Definition; Functional Requirements; Value Improvement Opportunities; FAST/Function Modeling.

The correct answers are A, D, and E . A RACI matrix is a facilitation and stakeholder-management tool used to clarify how individuals or stakeholder groups participate in activities, tasks, deliverables, or decisions. In VM practice, this supports the facilitator’s responsibility to coordinate participation, communication, and accountability across the multidisciplinary study environment. The SAVE Study Guide emphasizes that VM is performed through a systematic process by a multidisciplinary team and that proper stakeholder participation is necessary to capture real needs versus wants and achieve maximum value. ( )

A RACI matrix identifies the level of stakeholder involvement in activities by assigning roles such as Responsible, Accountable, Consulted, and Informed. It also identifies stakeholders required to provide feedback, which aligns with the Consulted role. Cornell’s RACI definition describes Consulted parties as people whose opinions are sought and who provide knowledge or information before a decision is made. It also describes Informed parties as stakeholders kept updated on progress, process execution, and quality. ( it.cornell.edu ) Therefore, the matrix also helps identify what reasonable information should be provided to stakeholders. Threats and opportunities belong to risk or SWOT analysis, while weighted performance attributes belong to criteria weighting or evaluation methods.

References/topics: VM Facilitation; Stakeholder Engagement; Communication Planning; Team Roles and Responsibilities; RACI Matrix.

The correct answer is D. Customers . In Value Methodology, value is not judged mainly by the design team, facilitator, or internal decision makers. It is judged from the perspective of the party seeking or acquiring the needed function. The SAVE International Study Guide defines value as a relationship between function and resources , where the function is measured by the performance requirements of the customer , and the resources are the materials, labor, price, time, and other inputs required to accomplish that function. ( cdn..com )

This means customers directly connect value with the functions they want to obtain. They are not buying materials, drawings, specifications, or technical complexity for their own sake; they are acquiring useful functions such as support load, move people, protect asset, reduce risk, or provide comfort. Users may experience the function, and decision makers may approve funding, but the customer is the party whose performance expectations define whether the function provides acceptable value.

Therefore, in CVS® terms, customer requirements are central to value determination because function must satisfy customer expectations while resources are minimized or optimized.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; Value Definition; Customer Requirements; Function/Resources Relationship; VM Fundamentals.

The correct answers are A, C, and E . A VM Facilitator creates a collaborative client relationship by first diagnosing client needs and then tailoring the VM Job Plan to produce the intended outcomes. Value Methodology is not a rigid checklist; it is a systematic, function-oriented team process led by a qualified facilitator to improve value. ( Value Engineering ) Therefore, the facilitator must understand the client’s objectives, constraints, decision environment, and expected deliverables before structuring the study.

Analyzing organizational involvement is also essential because successful VM depends on the correct sponsor, decision-makers, technical experts, users, and stakeholders being involved at the right level. The SAVE certification study material identifies Pre-Workshop responsibilities such as identifying team members, obtaining commitment, and preparing the study structure. ( )

Clarifying mutual involvement completes the collaborative relationship by defining how the facilitator, client, sponsor, team, and management will participate. This builds shared ownership and prevents misunderstanding. Option B is too narrow because structure alone does not create collaboration. Option D is incorrect because “dictating” tasks and responsibilities is directive, not collaborative.

References/topics: VM Facilitation; Client Relationship; Preparation Phase; Team Dynamics; VM Job Plan Planning.

The correct answers are A and B . In Function Analysis and FAST diagramming, a higher-order function is positioned to the left of the basic function and answers the question “Why is this function performed?” It represents the broader purpose or need that is satisfied when the basic function is successfully achieved. Therefore, option A is correct because the higher-order function expresses the customer, user, or project need served by the basic function.

Option B is also correct because the higher-order function can be understood as the output or result produced by accomplishing the basic function. In FAST logic, the basic function performs a required action, and the higher-order function explains the reason or outcome of that action. It is not normally the detailed mechanism for achieving the basic function.

Option C is incorrect because the basic function , not the higher-order function, is fundamental to the subject scope. The higher-order function often lies just outside or above the study scope as the reason the basic function is needed. Option D is incorrect because inputs or enabling actions are usually associated with lower-order or “how” functions, not higher-order “why” functions.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; FAST Diagramming; Higher-Order Function; Basic Function; How/Why Logic.

The correct answers are A and B . During the Development Phase , the VM team is converting selected ideas into value alternatives, so any new information that affects assumptions, cost, risk, performance, stakeholder impact, or feasibility must be evaluated before the proposal is finalized. SAVE’s Study Guide explains that each Job Plan phase provides information needed for the next phase and that, as the team gains additional knowledge, a previous phase may be revisited. ( ) Therefore, the facilitator should first assess the information with the VM team to determine whether it changes the rationale, calculations, risk profile, or viability of any proposal.

The facilitator should also discuss the information with the study subject program manager because the information may affect scope, owner requirements, baseline assumptions, implementation constraints, or management expectations. In the Development Phase, value alternatives must be clearly written with supporting assumptions, calculations, vendor information, cost comparisons, and other information needed to convey the alternative. ( )

Option C is premature because new information does not automatically require a new proposal. Option D is incorrect because disregarding relevant information undermines proposal credibility and informed decision-making.

References/topics: Development Phase; Value Alternative Development; Facilitator Responsibilities; Proposal Validation; VM Team Coordination.

The correct answer is A. creative steps from analytical steps . The VM Job Plan is structured so the team does not mix information gathering, function analysis, idea generation, judgment, and proposal development into one uncontrolled discussion. SAVE guidance describes the Job Plan as the process that guides the study team in identifying and focusing on key project functions to create ideas that result in value improvement. ( )

This separation is important because the Creative Phase requires free idea generation without premature criticism, feasibility judgment, or cost filtering. The Evaluation Phase then applies analytical judgment to screen, rank, and select ideas with value potential. The Development Phase further analyzes selected alternatives through cost, performance, risk, and implementation considerations. SAVE’s VM Standard also states that a qualifying value study follows an organized Job Plan with defined phases, including Function Analysis, Creative, Evaluation, Development, and Presentation. ( )

Option B is incorrect because designers may be part of the multidisciplinary VM team. Option C is incorrect because cost and function are intentionally related during VM analysis. Option D is incorrect because project needs and functions are also connected; functions express what must be done to satisfy needs.

References/topics: Value Methodology and Job Plan; Creative Phase; Evaluation Phase; Function Analysis; Analytical vs Creative Thinking.

The most appropriate description of the Information Phase is to gather, organize, review, and transform data collected . In the Value Methodology Job Plan, the Information Phase begins the formal Value Study and is used to complete the data package that was initiated during the Pre-Study/Preparation work. The SAVE Value Methodology Standard identifies the Information Phase under the Value Study and lists its immediate output as completing the data package and modifying the scope when needed. ( UW Courses )

This phase is not merely administrative scheduling or management approval. Its purpose is to ensure the team has a clear factual basis before moving into Function Analysis. The project sponsor or designer may brief the team, the team asks questions based on prior data research, site visits may be completed, improvement targets such as value, cost, performance, and schedule are agreed, and the scope is reviewed based on new information. ( UW Courses )

Option A and B are mainly Pre-Study/Preparation activities. Option D is partially related, but too narrow because the Information Phase supports the entire study, not only Function Analysis.

References/topics: Information Phase; Value Methodology Job Plan; Data Package; Scope Review; Study Targets.

The correct answer is C. Position lenses . In FAST diagramming, functions are expressed in a disciplined active verb / measurable noun format, and the purpose of the diagram is to show how project, product, or process functions logically relate to each other. The SAVE certification study material identifies FAST as a graphical mapping tool that helps team members understand how functions relate, while preserving the basic function and analyzing supporting functions. ( )

An “all-the-time” function is a supporting or simultaneous function that must occur continuously while the product performs its basic function. FAST construction tests this by asking: when this function is being performed, what other function must also occur? This “when” relationship identifies functions that occur together, not necessarily functions timed by a clock.

For prescription eyeglasses, the lenses must be held in the correct optical position relative to the wearer’s eyes at all times. Therefore, Position lenses is the best all-the-time function. Improve focus and Access vision describe higher-order or basic-path purposes, while Display information is not a normal function of prescription eyeglasses.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; FAST Diagramming; All-the-Time Functions; Basic and Secondary Functions; Function Logic.

The correct answer is B . FAST stands for Function Analysis System Technique. SAVE defines a FAST diagram as a graphical representation of dependent relationships of functions within a project, product, or process. The diagram uses logical relationships such as “How,” “Why,” and “When” to organize functions. It is a core Function Analysis tool because it forces the team to examine why functions exist, how they are accomplished, and which functions lie on the critical function logic path.

Option A is incorrect because schedule networks belong to project scheduling, not function modeling. Option C is wrong because cost spreadsheets may support resource analysis, but they do not show functional dependency logic. Option D is a procurement management artifact. FAST is valuable because it shifts the team from objects and components to function relationships. This enables better creativity because the team can ask, “How else can we perform this function?” rather than merely asking, “How can we make this component cheaper?”

References/topics: FAST Diagram; Function Analysis System Technique; How-Why Logic.

The correct answers are A. Proposals that provide the greatest benefit and B. The relative risk of each proposal . During the Presentation Phase, the VM team must communicate recommendations that are strong enough to justify management action. SAVE’s VM guidance states that developed alternatives should include cost, performance data, implementation cost, and consideration of risk and uncertainty . It also identifies performance benefit analysis as part of developing alternatives before presentation. ( UW Courses )

When time is limited, the facilitator should guide the team toward proposals with the highest value contribution, not simply the easiest or cheapest ideas. A proposal with the greatest benefit is most aligned with VM’s purpose: improving value by achieving required functions more effectively. Risk is also essential because decision makers must understand whether the recommendation is practical, credible, and acceptable for implementation.

Option C may be attractive, but ease of implementation alone does not prove high value. Option D is incorrect because low cost impact may produce limited value improvement and may not justify presentation priority. The Presentation Phase seeks concurrence and commitment from decision makers to proceed with implementation of recommendations. ( UW Courses )

References/topics: Presentation Phase; Development Phase; VM Proposal Selection; Risk and Uncertainty; Performance Benefit Analysis.

The correct answer is B. Maintain position . In FAST diagramming, the horizontal logic path normally answers How and Why . The vertical “When” direction is used for supporting or secondary functions that occur in relation to a function on the critical function logic path. SAVE’s VM Glossary defines a FAST diagram as a graphical representation of dependent function relationships and specifically identifies the labeled How, Why, and When arrows as FAST components. It also explains that vertical lines connect secondary functions to required secondary functions through their “When” relationships . ( )

For prescription eyeglasses, Modify vision is the core/basic function because the lenses correct or adjust the user’s vision. Facilitate sight is a higher-order purpose explaining why the basic function exists. Maintain position is a supporting function because the frame, bridge, temples, and nose pads keep the lenses properly located in front of the eyes while the eyeglasses modify vision. This function happens concurrently with the basic function, making it appropriate in the When direction. Fold eyeglasses is only a convenience/storage function, not the functional support required during vision correction.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; FAST Diagramming; When Relationship; Secondary Function; Prescription Eyeglasses Function Model.

The correct answers are A. Encourage participation by those affected by the change and D. Appoint an oversight committee . In the Implementation Phase, the approved VM proposal must be converted from an accepted recommendation into an actual organizational action. When the proposal requires organizational change, technical approval alone is not enough; successful implementation depends heavily on acceptance, ownership, coordination, and follow-through.

Encouraging participation by those affected by the change is essential because employees, managers, operators, and process owners who must live with the change often understand the practical barriers, workflow impacts, training needs, and resistance points. Their involvement improves buy-in and reduces implementation failure.

Appointing an oversight committee is also appropriate because organizational change normally crosses departments, responsibilities, and authority levels. Oversight provides governance, monitors progress, resolves conflicts, confirms accountability, and ensures the approved VM proposal remains aligned with the intended value improvement.

Option B is less suitable because an implementation plan should be clear and controlled, but not so rigid that it prevents adjustment during organizational transition. Option C is not required; a consultant may help in special cases, but it is not a primary VM implementation requirement.

References/topics: Implementation Phase; Change Adoption; Stakeholder Participation; Implementation Governance; VM Proposal Follow-Through.

The correct answers are B and C . When a VM study team has little or no experience with function analysis, the facilitator should introduce the concept through simple demonstration and participative learning. SAVE guidance identifies Function Analysis as the foundation of Value Methodology and explains that functions are expressed in two-word active verb / measurable noun form to describe what work is being performed. ( ) Showing an example of function analysis helps the team see how physical items are translated into functional language before applying the method to the study subject.

Having the team identify functions of items in the room is also effective because it creates a low-risk practice exercise. The SAVE study material provides simple item-based examples such as a table performing “Support Weight” and a screwdriver performing “Transmit Torque,” which directly supports this teaching approach. ( ) This builds confidence before moving to more complex project functions.

Option A is not preferred because preparing the FAST diagram in advance removes team discovery, ownership, and consensus-building. Option D is incorrect because functions must first be identified before they can be classified, analyzed, or evaluated; function analysis is defined as the process of defining, classifying, and evaluating functions. ( )

References/topics: VM Facilitation; Team Learning; Function Analysis Phase; Function Identification; FAST Introduction.

The correct answers are B and D . Increasing the duration of a VM study gives the team more working time inside the structured Job Plan. SAVE describes Value Methodology as a structured process following defined phases such as Information, Function Analysis, Creativity, Evaluation, Development, and Presentation. ( Value Engineering ) When more time is available, the team can apply additional creative techniques during the Creativity Phase rather than relying only on basic brainstorming. This may include checklists, attribute listing, analogy, morphological methods, or other structured idea-generation approaches.

A longer study also allows evaluation techniques to be more thoughtful . In the Evaluation Phase, ideas from the Creativity Phase are screened, grouped, compared, ranked, and selected for further development. With more time, the team can apply better criteria, discuss advantages and disadvantages more carefully, consider cost, performance, risk, constructability, operations, and maintenance impacts, and reach stronger consensus.

Option A is incorrect because site-visit time may change depending on study scope and complexity. Option C is incorrect because more duration does not mean numerous FAST diagrams must be produced. Option E is not guaranteed because implementation depends on management approval, feasibility, funding, and follow-through after the study.

References/topics: VM Programs; Study Duration; Creativity Phase; Evaluation Phase; VM Job Plan Planning.

The correct answers are A and B . In Function Analysis and FAST diagramming, a higher-order function is positioned to the left of the basic function and answers the question “Why is this function performed?” It represents the broader purpose or need that is satisfied when the basic function is successfully achieved. Therefore, option A is correct because the higher-order function expresses the customer, user, or project need served by the basic function.

Option B is also correct because the higher-order function can be understood as the output or result produced by accomplishing the basic function. In FAST logic, the basic function performs a required action, and the higher-order function explains the reason or outcome of that action. It is not normally the detailed mechanism for achieving the basic function.

Option C is incorrect because the basic function , not the higher-order function, is fundamental to the subject scope. The higher-order function often lies just outside or above the study scope as the reason the basic function is needed. Option D is incorrect because inputs or enabling actions are usually associated with lower-order or “how” functions, not higher-order “why” functions.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; FAST Diagramming; Higher-Order Function; Basic Function; How/Why Logic.

The correct answer is B because VM functions are expressed in a two-word format using an active verb and a measurable noun. SAVE’s VM Standard states that the team defines functions using a two-word active verb/measurable noun context. The SAVE dictionary also explains that a function identifies what something does, independent of what it is or how it is accomplished, and is expressed as an active verb plus measurable noun.

Option A is wrong because it describes an object and attribute, not a function. “Strong steel beam” tells what the solution is, not what it does. Option C is too design-specific and sentence-based; it identifies the component and solution rather than abstracting the function. Option D is vague and not measurable. “Support load” is superior because it focuses on the required action without locking the team into a beam, slab, truss, or other specific solution. CVS candidates must be able to distinguish function language from component language.

References/topics: Function Definition; Verb-Noun Format; Function Analysis Phase.

The correct answer is C because it directly applies both tracking and audit controls during the Implementation Phase. The CVS/SAVE Value Methodology guidance defines Implementation Activities as ensuring that accepted value alternatives are actually implemented and that the projected benefits are realized. It also identifies implementation responsibilities such as establishing action plans, obtaining commitments, setting review timeframes, tracking value achievement, signing off deliverables, validating benefits, and managing the implementation plan. ( )

Regular audits of project documentation are the most effective action because they verify that recorded data is accurate, current, traceable, and compliant with internal procedures while implementation is still active. This supports corrective action in real time rather than after-the-fact discovery. Option A is incomplete because it excludes tracking procedures. Option B monitors milestones but deliberately avoids auditing the process, which weakens compliance assurance. Option D is reactive and delayed; reviewing logs only at project close does not adequately control implementation performance or prevent noncompliance during execution. The SAVE study guide also emphasizes the value tracking process and tracking implementation results as part of VM program discipline. ( )

References/topics: Implementation Phase; Value Tracking Process; Implementation Plan; Follow-Up Activities; VM Program Reporting.

The correct answers are B and D . The Evaluation Phase requires the VM team to apply a structured evaluation process so that ideas are judged against defined requirements rather than informal preference. SAVE’s Value Methodology Standard states that the team selects ideas with potential for value improvement while still delivering the required functions and considering performance requirements and resource limits. ( )

Therefore, setting baseline criteria is essential because impact cannot be measured unless the current or expected performance condition is defined first. Baselines allow future outcomes to be compared against the starting point and help determine whether the selected alternative actually improves value. Defining key performance indicators is also correct because KPIs translate subject objectives into measurable evaluation factors, such as time, quality, productivity, service level, risk reduction, cost effectiveness, or functional performance.

Option A is weak because a one-time opinion survey may provide useful input, but it does not create a disciplined impact-measurement framework. Option C is too narrow because budget review only addresses financial efficiency and does not fully evaluate subject impact. The official SAVE Core Competencies also place “establish evaluation framework” and “establish evaluation criteria” directly within the Evaluation Phase.

References/topics: Evaluation Phase; Evaluation Framework; Evaluation Criteria; KPI Alignment; Baseline Measurement; Subject Impact Analysis.

The correct answers are A. List VM proposals developed and C. Focus the report on the major VM proposals . In the Presentation Phase, the VM study report must document the results of the study in a clear, decision-oriented format. The report should identify the VM proposals developed during the Development Phase, including the recommended change, basis of comparison, cost effect, value improvement, advantages, disadvantages, and implementation considerations. Listing the developed proposals gives decision makers a complete record of the team’s actionable outputs.

However, an effective report should not become a raw archive of every discussion, idea, or technical detail. It should focus attention on the major VM proposals that offer meaningful value improvement and require management review or approval. This aligns with the Presentation Phase purpose: to communicate developed alternatives clearly and obtain concurrence for implementation.

Option B is less appropriate because the methodology may be summarized, but an overly detailed methodology section can distract from the proposals and decisions required. Option D is incorrect because technical terminology should be controlled and audience-appropriate; excessive jargon weakens communication.

References/topics: Presentation Phase; VM Study Report; Development Phase; VM Proposals; Decision-Maker Communication.

The correct answers are Reverse brainstorming, Hitchhiking, and Mind-mapping . In the Creativity Phase , the VM facilitator leads the team in generating many possible alternatives for performing the required functions identified during Function Analysis. The objective is divergent thinking: produce a broad range of ideas without judging them too early. SAVE’s certification study material identifies creativity as a distinct VM Job Plan area and emphasizes idea generation before moving into Evaluation. ( )

Reverse brainstorming is appropriate because it helps the team approach a function or problem from the opposite direction, often revealing hidden assumptions and new solution paths. Hitchhiking is also a valid creativity technique because one team member builds on another person’s idea, improving participation and expanding idea quantity. Mind-mapping supports creativity by visually organizing related thoughts around a central function or issue, helping the team see connections and generate additional alternatives.

SWOT analysis is not primarily a Creativity Phase tool; it is more commonly used for strategic assessment. RACI matrix is also incorrect because it assigns responsibilities and accountabilities, which fits planning or implementation control, not creative idea generation.

References/topics: Creativity Phase; Idea Generation; Brainstorming Techniques; Divergent Thinking; VM Facilitation.

The correct answers are B, D, and E . An Implementation Form is used after VM proposals have been developed, presented, reviewed, and moved into disposition or execution tracking. Its purpose is to identify each accepted or pending value alternative clearly enough that management, the project team, and follow-up reviewers can track what proposal is being implemented, who developed or owns it, and how it will be handled.

The SAVE International Study Guide describes Implementation Activities as ensuring accepted value alternatives are implemented and that projected benefits are realized. It further identifies activities such as conducting an implementation meeting, determining the disposition of each value alternative, establishing action plans, obtaining commitments, setting timeframes, tracking value achievement, and validating benefits. ( )

Therefore, an implementation form normally requires traceable proposal identifiers: the VM proposal number , the title of the VM proposal , and the developer or originator/responsible party . These fields allow each proposal to be tracked from study recommendation through acceptance, rejection, modification, and completion. A creative idea list belongs to the Creativity Phase record, not implementation tracking. Risk impacts may support development or recommendation documentation, but they are not as fundamental as proposal identity and responsibility fields on the implementation form.

References/topics: Implementation Phase; VM Proposal Tracking; Action Plans; Follow-Up; Value Study Recommendation Documentation.

The correct answer is D. Random Function Identification . In the Function Analysis Phase, the team first identifies and defines functions of the product, project, process, or service being studied. The function statement is normally written in the classic VM format: active verb + measurable noun . SAVE-related VM guidance describes this first step as identifying and defining functions using active verbs and measurable nouns, often referred to as Random Function Definition . ( UC Homepages )

This is why Random Function Identification is the best answer. It is the direct technique used to generate the initial list of functions before the team classifies, organizes, models, or evaluates those functions.

FAST is important, but it is not primarily the first technique for identifying individual functions. FAST is mainly used after functions are listed, to show logical How/Why relationships between functions and to build a function model. SAVE material describes FAST as a technique that illustrates relationships among functions. ( cdn..com )

Mind Mapping and Random Words are creativity tools, not the standard VM function-identification method.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; Random Function Definition; Function Identification; Verb-Noun Function Format; FAST Diagramming.

The correct answer is C . During the Creativity Phase , the VM facilitator encourages unrestricted idea generation, but the study must still remain aligned with the approved scope, objectives, and sponsor expectations. If the team begins identifying alternatives that appear outside the agreed study boundary, the facilitator should not simply shut down the ideas or allow the team to vote on changing the scope. Scope authority belongs to the study sponsor or client decision structure, not only to the workshop team.

The best action is to discuss and confirm the study scope with the VM Team and study sponsor . This protects both creativity and control. The facilitator can clarify whether the ideas are truly outside scope, whether they should be parked for later consideration, or whether the sponsor wishes to formally expand or adjust the study boundary. This is consistent with VM facilitation practice, where the facilitator manages process discipline while maintaining team participation and sponsor alignment.

Option A is incorrect because scope changes are not decided by team vote. Option B addresses schedule, not scope. Option D is too restrictive and may suppress creative thinking.

References/topics: Creativity Phase; VM Facilitation; Study Scope Control; Sponsor Alignment; VM Job Plan Discipline.

The correct answers are A and C . A well-managed Value Methodology program must have a structured process for deciding which subjects should receive VM studies and when VM should be applied . VM program management is not simply about conducting studies randomly; it requires screening potential projects, products, processes, or services to determine where VM effort can create meaningful value improvement. The VM Guide program-management section specifically includes “Selecting subjects for VM studies” and “Timing of VM studies” as key management areas. ( pdfcoffee.com )

Option A is correct because subject selection helps the organization focus limited VM resources on studies with suitable size, complexity, risk, cost, performance concern, or strategic importance. Option C is correct because timing matters. SAVE guidance notes that VM may be applied at different points in a subject’s life cycle, and early application often improves direction before later implementation costs increase. ( )

Option B is incorrect because no VM program can guarantee return on investment from every individual study. Option D is incorrect because requiring a VM study on every subject would waste resources and ignore proper screening criteria.

References/topics: VM Programs; VM Program Management; Selecting VM Study Subjects; Timing of VM Studies; VM Application Criteria.

The correct approaches are A, B, and D because the facilitator’s role in the Evaluation Phase is to keep the team in a structured, objective decision process rather than prematurely discarding ideas or resetting the workshop. SAVE’s Value Methodology Standard defines the Evaluation Phase as the point where the team uses a structured process to select ideas with value-improvement potential while considering project functions, performance requirements, and resource limits. ( ) When consensus is difficult, the facilitator should first clarify the idea. Modifying the idea title can remove ambiguity, improve shared understanding, and ensure the team is evaluating the same concept. Asking for more information is also appropriate because disagreement often reflects insufficient technical, cost, risk, or implementation detail.

The facilitator must also ensure that every team member has provided input, since VM relies on multidisciplinary team judgment and stakeholder expertise. The Standard identifies the team as a multidisciplinary group chosen for relevant expertise and experience, including different points of view. ( ) Removing the idea is premature unless it clearly fails criteria, and restarting the evaluation process is unnecessary unless the entire evaluation basis is invalid.

References/topics: Evaluation Phase; VM Facilitation; Team Consensus; Structured Evaluation; Idea Clarification.

The correct inputs are VM study subject information , List of participants , and VM proposals . The Presentation Phase is designed to communicate the VM study results to decision-makers and stakeholders so they can understand, challenge, and act on the team’s recommendations. SAVE’s VM Standard describes this phase as the point where the VM study team presents its recommendations to the decision-making body and seeks approval or direction for further information. ( UW Courses )

VM proposals are essential inputs because they are the developed recommendations carried forward from the Development Phase. VM study subject information is also required because the audience must understand the baseline condition, scope, objectives, cost, schedule, risk, and performance context before judging the proposals. List of participants is an input because the presentation must be planned around the correct stakeholders, decision-makers, technical reviewers, sponsor, facilitator, and team members.

Disposition decision is not an input; it is a decision outcome related to acceptance, rejection, or further action on proposals. The written VM study report is also not the best input here because the Presentation Phase develops or finalizes the report to document alternatives, supporting data, and the accepted implementation direction. ( UW Courses )

References/topics: Presentation Phase; VM Proposals; VM Study Subject Information; Participant List; VM Study Report.

The correct answer is B. Thorough understanding of the study subject . The Information Phase is designed to ensure that the VM study team understands the project, product, process, or service before performing function analysis or generating alternatives. SAVE’s Value Methodology Standard states that the objective of the Information Phase is to complete the value study data package started during Pre-Study, receive briefings from the project sponsor or designer, ask questions, complete site visitation where needed, confirm improvement targets, and review the scope statement for adjustment.

Therefore, the expected output is not yet a proposal or a final value recommendation; it is a reliable, shared understanding of the study subject, including baseline requirements, constraints, costs, performance expectations, schedule factors, and stakeholder objectives. Option A is more closely related to the Function Analysis Phase , where cost-to-worth comparison identifies value improvement opportunities. Option C is also Function Analysis, because functions are defined after the team understands the subject. Option D belongs to the Development/Presentation Phases , where selected ideas become formal value improvement proposals.

References/topics: Information Phase; VM Job Plan; Study Subject Understanding; Data Package; Scope Review.

The correct answers are A and D . When decision-makers review VM study results but take no action, the facilitator is dealing with a change-response problem, not simply a technical presentation problem. In VM implementation guidance, this behavior aligns with the early “shock” response to change, where people may mentally shut down because the proposed change feels uncertain, risky, or disruptive. The recommended coping strategy is to create safety, structure, and visible support around the change.

Therefore, discussing allocation of time and resources is appropriate because implementation cannot move forward without clear commitment, staffing, schedule allowance, and management attention. The VM Guide identifies proper allocation of time and resources as a way to provide safety during change. It also states that shock and stress can be reduced by building a support network through a detailed implementation plan . ( pdfcoffee.com )

Option B is incorrect because the guidance emphasizes visible upper management support, not merely lower-level involvement. Option C is incorrect because limiting information increases uncertainty; the recommended approach is to provide broad, clear, and consistent information about the change.

References/topics: Implementation Phase; Change Management Strategies; Implementation Plan; Resource Allocation; Decision-Maker Engagement.

The correct answer is A. Carpet $120,000 . This is an Evaluation Phase life-cycle cost comparison. SAVE’s VM Dictionary defines life-cycle cost as the sum of initial cost, recurrent annual cost, single expenditures, and disposal or salvage value over a specified period. It also defines recurrent annual cost as operation and maintenance cost occurring throughout each year of service life.

For carpet , the initial cost is:

1,000 square meters × $30 = $30,000

The monthly vacuum maintenance cost is:

$500 × 12 months × 10 years = $60,000

The annual shampoo cost is:

$3,000 × 10 years = $30,000

Therefore, carpet life-cycle cost is:

$30,000 + $60,000 + $30,000 = $120,000

Vinyl is not the better value option in the listed choices. Even though vinyl has a lower initial installed cost, its recurring strip-and-wax maintenance is significant. Over a 10-year comparison period, vinyl would be:

$10,000 + $48,000 + $120,000 = $178,000

That corresponds to option D, but it is higher than carpet’s $120,000. The CVS exam trap is focusing on lowest initial cost instead of total cost over the study period. In Value Methodology, value decisions require considering function, performance, and total resource commitment, not first cost alone.

References/topics: Evaluation Phase; Life-Cycle Cost; Initial Cost; Recurrent Annual Cost; Alternative Comparison.

The correct answers are A, C, and D . In FAST diagramming, scope lines define the boundary of the subject being studied. They separate what is included in the VM study from functions that explain the larger reason for the study or the initiating input outside the study boundary. SAVE’s VM glossary explains that a FAST diagram includes scope lines and classified functions such as basic, higher-order, and lower-order functions. It also defines subject scope as the portion of the project, product, or process selected for the value study. ( )

Option A is correct because scope lines represent the limits of the VM study subject. Option C is correct because the basic function is placed immediately to the right of the left scope line; it represents the essential purpose of the subject within the study. Option D is correct because the higher-order function is placed to the left of the left scope line and explains the broader need or goal for which the basic function exists. SAVE defines the higher-order function as outside the scope of the subject under study. ( )

Option B is not selected because the key convention is boundary placement, not “solid line” style. Option E is incorrect because the lower-order function is outside the right scope boundary, not immediately left of it.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; FAST Diagram; Scope Lines; Basic Function; Higher-Order Function; Lower-Order Function.

The correct answer is B . Implementation is the post-presentation activity where accepted recommendations are converted into action. Although the six-phase workshop Job Plan ends with Presentation, SAVE’s VM process recognizes post-workshop documentation and implementation activity as part of the broader value study process. The VM Standard’s process flow shows pre-workshop, workshop, and post-workshop/implementation activities.

Option A is incorrect because collecting user attitudes and study preparation occur before or during early study activities, not Implementation. Option C is wrong because Creativity generates alternatives, while Implementation executes approved proposals. Option D is wrong because unselected ideas are not automatically approved. At CVS level, Implementation requires ownership, assigned responsibilities, schedules, change management, technical follow-through, documentation, and confirmation of achieved value. A proposal has no realized value until it is adopted and executed. Weak VM programs often generate impressive workshop reports but fail during implementation because accountability, funding, decision authority, and tracking mechanisms are missing.

References/topics: Implementation Phase; Post-Workshop Activities; Value Realization.

The correct answers are A, C, and E . In Value Methodology, an unwanted function is a negative or undesirable function created by the selected design approach, process method, or operating solution. The SAVE glossary defines an unwanted function as one identified by the customer, user, or stakeholder as undesirable and caused by the approach used to achieve the subject’s purpose. The SAVE Value Methodology Standard similarly classifies it as a negative secondary function caused by the method used to achieve the basic function, such as heat generated by lighting that then requires cooling. ( UW Courses )

Therefore, C is correct because unwanted functions are typically byproducts of how another required or basic function is performed. A is correct because these negative functions can reduce performance, quality, reliability, safety, or user satisfaction. E is correct because unwanted functions consume resources through added mitigation, maintenance, energy, rework, or corrective measures.

Option D is incorrect because Value Index is used broadly in Function Analysis to compare cost and worth and select improvement opportunities, not to define unwanted functions. ( UW Courses ) Option B is too broad; unwanted functions may become targets for elimination, but that is not their defining characteristic.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; Function Classification; Secondary Functions; Unwanted Functions; Function Cost and Worth.

The correct answer is D. To prioritize functions . The Function Analysis Phase includes several important activities: identifying functions, defining them in active verb/measurable noun form, classifying them as basic or secondary, organizing their relationships, and relating cost or worth where required. However, these activities are not the final purpose by themselves. Their purpose is to determine which functions deserve the team’s focused attention for value improvement.

SAVE’s Value Methodology guidance explains that during Function Analysis, the team defines project functions and reviews them to determine which need improvement, elimination, or creation to meet study goals. ( WSDOT ) The Study Guide also states that functions performed inefficiently or at more than expected cost become the focus of the VM team’s improvement effort. ( ) This means the ultimate output is a prioritized understanding of where value improvement opportunities exist.

Option A may occur in advanced function-cost analysis, but it is not the ultimate objective. Options B and C are necessary intermediate steps, but they support the larger goal of prioritizing functions for creativity, evaluation, and development.

References/topics: Function Analysis Phase; Function Definition; Function Classification; Function Organization; Function Prioritization; Value Improvement Opportunities.

The correct answers are A, C, and E . The Implementation Meeting is not merely another presentation session; it is the point where management and the project team review the preliminary VM report, determine the disposition of each value alternative, establish action plans for accepted alternatives, obtain implementation commitments, and set timeframes for review and implementation. ( )

The VM facilitator and study team members should participate because they understand the technical basis, assumptions, cost comparisons, performance effects, and risk considerations behind the proposals. Therefore, they are needed to answer cost-impact questions , because accepted alternatives often depend on capital cost, operating cost, life-cycle cost, and implementation-cost implications. They are also needed to respond to technical questions , since the proposal write-ups include descriptions, sketches, assumptions, calculations, vendor information, performance data, and possible negative factors. ( )

They should also address the level of effort required for implementation , because implementation requires action steps, responsibilities, timing, resources, and follow-through. Option B is less appropriate because formal presentation occurs in the Presentation Phase. Option D is not the main purpose; the meeting disposes developed value alternatives, not creates a new set of alternative proposals.

References/topics: Implementation Phase; Implementation Meeting; Disposition of Value Alternatives; Cost Impact; Technical Clarification; Implementation Effort.

The correct answers are A and C because the VM Job Plan is a sequential, function-based process. SAVE’s study guide explains that the Job Plan guides the study team through identifying and focusing on key project functions so new ideas can be created for value improvement. It also states that Job Plan phases are performed in sequence because each phase provides the information needed for the next phase. ( )

Therefore, functions must be defined before alternative solutions are generated . This occurs in the Function Analysis Phase , where the team identifies, classifies, and models project functions, then selects value-mismatched functions to focus the Creativity Phase. ( ) The Creative Phase then generates alternative ideas for performing those functions, while the Evaluation Phase later reduces and prioritizes those ideas by considering cost, performance, and other evaluation methods. ( )

Option B is incorrect because idea generation and evaluation are intentionally separated; judgment is suspended during Creativity and applied during Evaluation. Option D is incorrect because functions are not fully defined before the VM study; they are formally developed during the Job Plan.

References/topics: VM Job Plan; Function Analysis Phase; Creativity Phase; Evaluation Phase; Sequential Job Plan Logic.

The correct answer is D. Coordinate with the project manager to distribute information to stakeholders . In the Implementation Phase , the purpose is not merely to produce documentation; it is to ensure that approved VM proposals are converted into executed actions. SAVE’s VM Standard Reference states that during implementation, the sponsoring organization reviews VM study results, decides which proposals to implement, and develops and executes an implementation plan to actualize the value improvements.

Stakeholder engagement depends on timely, coordinated, and project-controlled communication. The project manager is normally the central execution authority, so coordinating with the project manager ensures that stakeholders receive the right information, understand decisions, know implementation responsibilities, and remain aligned with schedule, cost, quality, risk, and performance expectations.

Option A is ineffective because assigning tasks before informing stakeholders can create resistance and reduce buy-in. Option B supports documentation but does not actively engage stakeholders. Option C may be useful, but handing out the VM study report during a meeting is passive and often too late to build ownership. Coordinated information distribution through the project manager is the most effective engagement mechanism.

References/topics: Implementation Phase; VM Study Results; Implementation Plan; Stakeholder Communication; Project Manager Coordination.