NSE7_PBC-7.2 Questions and Answers

The two best connection solutions available between your company headquarters, branch sites, and the Azure vWAN hub are A. ExpressRoute and E. VPN Gateway.

According to the Azure documentation for Virtual WAN, ExpressRoute and VPN Gateway are two of the supported connectivity options for connecting your on-premises sites and Azure virtual networks to the Azure vWAN hub1. These options provide secure, reliable, and high-performance connectivity for your network traffic.

ExpressRoute is a service that lets you create private connections between your on-premises sites and Azure.ExpressRoute connections do not go over the public internet, and offer more reliability, faster speeds, lower latencies, and higher security than typical connections over the internet2.

VPN Gateway is a service that lets you create encrypted connections between your on-premises sites and Azure over the internet using IPsec/IKE protocols.VPN Gateway also supports point-to-site VPN connections for individual clients using OpenVPN or IKEv2 protocols3.

The other options are incorrect because:

• GRE tunnels are not a supported connectivity option for Azure vWAN. GRE is a protocol that encapsulates packets for tunneling purposes.GRE tunnels are established between the connect attachment and your appliance in Azure vWAN4.
• SSL VPN connections are not a supported connectivity option for Azure vWAN. SSL VPN is a type of VPN that uses the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol to secure the connection between a client and a server.SSL VPN is not compatible with the Azure vWAN hub5.
• An L2TP connection is not a supported connectivity option for Azure vWAN. L2TP is a protocol that creates a tunnel between two endpoints at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.L2TP is not compatible with the Azure vWAN hub.

1:Azure Virtual WAN Overview | Microsoft Learn2: [ExpressRoute overview - Azure ExpressRoute | Microsoft Docs]3: [VPN Gateway - Virtual Networks | Microsoft Azure]4: [Transit Gateway Connect - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]5: [SSL VPN - Wikipedia] : [Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol - Wikipedia]

To get Terraform ready using Microsoft Azure Cloud Shell, you need to perform the following steps:

• Set up a storage account in Azure. This is required to store the Terraform state file in a blob container, which enables collaboration and persistence of the infrastructure configuration1.
• Use the wget (terraform_version) command to upload Terraform. This command downloads the latest version of Terraform from the official website and saves it as a zip file in the current directory2.
• Move the Terraform file to the bin directory. This step extracts the Terraform executable from the zip file and moves it to the bin directory, which is part of the PATH environment variable. This allows you to run Terraform commands from any directory in Cloud Shell2.

The other options are incorrect because:

• You do not need to use the -O command to download Terraform. This command is used to specify a different output file name for the downloaded file, but it is not necessary for this task3.
• You do not need to subscribe to Terraform in Azure. Terraform is an open-source tool that can be used with any cloud provider, and there is no subscription or registration required to use it with Azure4. References:
• Updating the route table and adding an IAM policy
• Configure Terraform in Azure Cloud Shell with Bash
• wget(1) - Linux man page
• Terraform by HashiCorp

A VPC attachment is the type of attachment that allows you to connect a VPC to a TGW and advertise routes through BGP. A VPC attachment creates a VPN connection between the VPC and the TGW, and enables dynamic routing with BGP. A connect attachment is used to connect a VPN or Direct Connect gateway to a TGW. A route attachment is not a valid type of attachment for TGW. A GRE attachment is used to connect a FortiGate device to a TGW using GRE tunnels. References:

• Creating the TGW and related resources
• Configuring TGW route tables
• FortiGate Public Cloud 7.2.0 - Fortinet Documentation
• Updating the route table and adding an IAM policy

For automating the process of adding new spoke VPCs in a transit VPC architecture within Amazon Web Services (AWS), the two relevant features are:

• AWS Transit Gateway (Option C):This service is crucial for managing connectivity between VPCs and other networks without routing traffic through the public internet. It acts as a hub that controls how traffic is routed among all the connected networks, which simplifies network management and minimizes latency.
• Amazon CloudWatch (Option D):CloudWatch provides monitoring and observability services that are essential for managing the health and performance of the AWS infrastructure, including Transit Gateways. It allows administrators to set alarms and react to changes in AWS resources, which is vital for the dynamic addition and integration of new spoke VPCs into the transit VPC architecture.

References:AWS official documentation on Transit Gateways and CloudWatch details these services' roles in enhancing network management and monitoring, essential for effective and automated transit VPC operations.

The correct answer is B and D. A transit gateway with an attachment and a transit VPC support east-west traffic inspection within the AWS cloud by the FortiGate VM.

According to the Fortinet documentation for Public Cloud Security, a transit gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. A transit gateway attachment is a resource that connects a VPC or VPN to a transit gateway.By using a transit gateway with an attachment, you can route traffic from your spoke VPCs to your security VPC, where the FortiGate VM can inspect the traffic1.

A transit VPC is a VPC that serves as a global network transit center for connecting multiple VPCs, remote networks, and virtual private networks (VPNs).By using a transit VPC, you can deploy the FortiGate VM as a virtual appliance that provides network security and threat prevention for your VPCs2.

The other options are incorrect because:

• A NAT gateway with an EIP is a service that enables instances in a private subnet to connect to the internet or other AWS services, but prevents the internet from initiating a connection with those instances.A NAT gateway with an EIP does not support east-west traffic inspection within the AWS cloud by the FortiGate VM3.
• An Internet gateway with an EIP is a horizontally scaled, redundant, and highly available VPC component that allows communication between instances in your VPC and the internet.An Internet gateway with an EIP does not support east-west traffic inspection within the AWS cloud by the FortiGate VM4.

1:Fortinet Documentation Library - Deploying FortiGate VMs on AWS2: [Fortinet Documentation Library - Transit VPC on AWS]3: [NAT Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]4: [Internet Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]

A. Use the terraform destroy command. This command is used to remove all the resources that were created using the Terraform configuration1. It is the opposite of the terraform apply command, which is used to create resources. The terraform destroy command will first show a plan of what resources will be destroyed, and then ask for confirmation before proceeding. The command will also update the state file to reflect the changes. D. The administrator must manually delete the Linux server. This is because the Linux server was not deployed using Terraform, but using AWS Marketplace2. Therefore, Terraform does not have any information about the Linux server in its state file, and cannot manage or destroy it. The administrator will have to use the AWS console or CLI to delete the Linux server manually.

The other options are incorrect because:

• There is no terraform validate command. The correct command is terraform plan, which is used to show a plan of what changes will be made by applying the configuration3. However, this command does not delete any resources, it only shows what will happen if terraform apply or terraform destroy is run.
• There is no terraform destroy all command. The correct command is terraform destroy, which will destroy all the resources in the current configuration by default1. There is no need to add an all argument to the command.

According to the AWS documentation for Transit Gateway, a Transit Gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. To route traffic from Linux instances to the TGW, you need to do the following steps:

• In the TGW route table, associate two attachments. An attachment is a resource that connects a VPC or VPN to a Transit Gateway. By associating the attachments to the TGW route table, you enable the TGW to route traffic between the VPCs and the VPN.
• In the main subnet routing table in VPC A and B, add a new route with destination 0_0.0.0/0, next hop TGW. This route directs all traffic from the Linux instances to the TGW, which can then forward it to the appropriate destination based on the TGW route table.

The other options are incorrect because:

• In the TGW route table, adding route propagation to 192.168.0 0/16 is not necessary, as this is already the default route for the TGW. Route propagation allows you to automatically propagate routes from your VPC or VPN to your TGW route table.
• In the main subnet routing table in VPC A and B, adding a new route with destination 0_0.0.0/0, next hop Internet gateway (IGW) is not correct, as this would bypass the TGW and send all traffic directly to the internet. An IGW is a VPC component that enables communication between instances in your VPC and the internet.

[Transit Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]

Immutable infrastructure is a DevOps approach that emphasizes the creation of disposable resources instead of modifying existing ones1. This approach helps to achieve stability, consistency, and predictability in IT operations by reducing the risk of configuration drift and eliminating stateful components1.

One way to implement immutable infrastructure is to use a blue-green deployment strategy, which runs two live environments for configuration changes2. The blue environment is the current production environment, while the green environment is the new version of the application or service. When the green environment is ready, the traffic is switched from blue to green, and the blue environment is destroyed or kept as a backup2. This way, there is no need to update or patch the existing infrastructure, but rather replace it with a new one.

References:

• 1: Immutable Infrastructure, Architecture, and its benefits
• 2: Introduction to Immutable Infrastructure – BMC Software | Blogs

The correct answer is C and D. Use a transit VPC with hub and spoke topology to create multiple VPN connections to the on-premises data center. Use the transit gateway attachment with VPN option to create multiple VPN connections to the on-premises data center.

According to the Fortinet documentation for Public Cloud Security, a transit VPC is a VPC that serves as a global network transit center for connecting multiple VPCs, remote networks, and virtual private networks (VPNs). A transit VPC can use a hub and spoke topology to create multiple VPN connections to the on-premises data center, using the FortiGate VM as a virtual appliance that provides network security and threat prevention.A transit VPC can also leverage Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) routing to achieve higher bandwidth and load balancing across multiple VPN tunnels1.

A transit gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. A transit gateway attachment is a resource that connects a VPC or VPN to a transit gateway. You can use the transit gateway attachment with VPN option to create multiple VPN connections to the on-premises data center, using the FortiGate VM as a virtual appliance that provides network security and threat prevention.A transit gateway attachment with VPN option can also leverage ECMP routing to achieve higher bandwidth and load balancing across multiple VPN tunnels2.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Using ECMP and VPN to achieve higher bandwidth is not a complete solution, as it does not specify how to replace the existing VPC peering topology or how to connect the AWS VPCs to the on-premises data center.
• Using transit VPC to build multiple VPC connections to the on-premises data center is not a correct solution, as it does not specify how to use a hub and spoke topology or how to leverage ECMP routing for higher bandwidth.

1:Fortinet Documentation Library - Transit VPC on AWS2:Fortinet Documentation Library - Deploying FortiGate VMs on AWS

According to the AWS documentation for Transit Gateway, a transit gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. A transit gateway route table is a set of rules that determines how traffic is routed among the attachments to the transit gateway1.

A transit gateway can have multiple route tables, and you can associate different attachments with different route tables. This allows you to control how traffic is routed between your VPCs and VPNs based on your network design and security requirements1.

The other options are incorrect because:

• Both the TGW attachment and propagation must be in the same TGW route table is not true. You can associate an attachment with one route table and enable propagation from another attachment to a different route table. This allows you to separate the routing domains for your attachments1.
• A TGW attachment can be associated with multiple TGW route tables is not true. You can only associate an attachment with one route table at a time. However, you can change the association at any time1.
• The TGW default route table cannot be disabled is not true. You can disable the default route table by deleting all associations and propagations from it. However, you cannot delete the default route table itself1.

1: Transit Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud

Confirming to delete all the resources in Terraform will have the following impact:

D.It destroys all the resources in the state file.

• Terraform State File Role:Theterraform.tfstatefile contains a real-time mapping of the resources that Terraform manages, including their current configuration and relationships. This file tracks the actual state of resources provisioned by Terraform.
• Impact of Destruction:When Terraform prompts for confirmation to destroy resources, and 'yes' is entered, Terraform reads the state file and systematically removes all the resources that are managed as part of that state. This is not limited to a specific .tfvars file, IAM user, or resource group—it is a global action that affects all resources tracked by the state file associated with the current Terraform workspace and configuration.

References:The function of theterraform.tfstatefile and the impact of resource destruction are detailed in Terraform's official documentation. This behavior is fundamental to how Terraform manages infrastructure as code.

• Spoke VPC Routing: The 0.0.0.0/0 (default) route in the spoke VPC must point to the Transit Gateway attachment for traffic to reach other VPCs or external destinations.
• Security VPC Routing: Traffic from the security VPC needs to pass through the FortiGate for inspection and security controls. Therefore, the 0.0.0.0/0 route in the security VPC's TGW subnet routing table must point to the FortiGate's internal port.
• FortiGate Routing: The FortiGate's internal subnet must have its 0.0.0.0/0 route configured to point to the Transit Gateway attachment, allowing traffic to be returned to other VPCs or reach the internet.

In an SD-WAN TGW Connect topology, when routing traffic from a spoke VPC to a security VPC through a Transit Gateway, the mandatory initial steps include:

• From the spoke VPC internal routing table, point 0.0.0.0/0 traffic to the TGW (Option A):This step is crucial for ensuring that all traffic from the spoke VPC destined for external networks is directed through the Transit Gateway, allowing for centralized management and security inspection.
• From the security VPC TGW subnet routing table: point 0.0.0.0/0 traffic to the FortiGate internal port (Option B):Routing all traffic from the TGW subnet in the security VPC to the FortiGate's internal port ensures that traffic is subjected to the necessary security policies and inspections provided by the FortiGate appliance before it proceeds to other destinations or returns to the spoke VPCs.
• From the security VPC FortiGate internal subnet routing table, point 0.0.0.0/0 traffic to the TGW (Option D):This configuration ensures that traffic returning from the security processes handled by the FortiGate is routed back through the Transit Gateway, maintaining the integrity of the secure transit path and ensuring proper routing back to the originating spoke or onward to the internet.

References:These steps align with best practices for implementing SD-WAN solutions in a cloud environment, ensuring that all traffic is appropriately routed through security appliances for necessary controls and monitoring, asdetailed in the Fortinet SD-WAN documentation and AWS Transit Gateway connectivity guidelines.