1z0-1084-25 Questions and Answers

Explanation

The valid OKE cluster network configuration that meets the requirement of having the least attack surface while still allowing direct access to the deployed applications from the Internet is: Private subnets for nodes and the Kubernetes API endpoint; public subnets for load balancers. By placing the nodes and the Kubernetes API endpoint in private subnets, they are not directly accessible from the Internet, reducing the attack surface. The load balancers, on the other hand, are placed in public subnets, allowing them to be accessed from the Internet and serve as the entry point for accessing the deployed applications. This configuration ensures that the critical components of the cluster, such as the nodes and the API endpoint, are protected within the private network, while still providing accessibility to the applications through the load balancers. It helps to enhance security by limiting direct access to the internal components of the cluster while maintaining the availability of the deployed applications.

Explanation

The correct statements are: A common context to store configuration variables that are available to all functions in the application. A Docker image containing all the functions that share the same configuration. A logical group of functions. Explanation: An Oracle Functions application provides a common context for functions within the application. It allows you to store configuration variables that are accessible by all the functions in the application. Functions within the same application can share the same Docker image, which contains the common configuration and dependencies. An Oracle Functions application serves as a logical group that organizes related functions. Functions within the same application can be managed collectively, and they can interact and share resources within the application context.

Explanation

The step that is NOT required for setting up the Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) cluster access using a local installation of kubectl is to generate an Auth token from the OCI console. The authentication for accessing the OKE cluster using kubectl can be performed using the OCI CLI configuration, specifically the API signing key pair and the kubeconfig file. Here are the correct steps for setting up the OKE cluster access using a local installation of kubectl: Set up the kubeconfig file: The kubeconfig file contains the necessary information to authenticate and access the OKE cluster using kubectl. It includes details such as the cluster endpoint, authentication method, and credentials. Generate an API signing key pair (if you do not already have one) and upload the public key of the API signing key pair: The API signing key pair is used for authentication with the OCI services. The public key of the key pair needs to be uploaded to the OCI Console to associate it with your user account. Install and configure the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) CLI: The OCI CLI provides a command-line interface to interact with the OCI services. It needs to be installed and configured with your OCI credentials, including the user's OCID, tenancy OCID, region, and the path to the API signing key pair. By completing these steps, you can configure kubectl to access and manage your OKE clusters from your local machine using the OCI CLI authentication configuration.

Explanation

The correct approach to receive an email each time a Terraform action begins in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Resource Manager without writing any code is as follows: Create an OCI Notification topic and email subscription with the destination email address. This will define the email delivery configuration. Create an OCI Events rule that matches the "Resource Manager Job - Create" condition. This rule will be triggered when a Resource Manager job is created. In the OCI Events rule, select the notification topic that was created in step 1 as the action for the corresponding event. This will ensure that the notification is sent to the specified email address. By following these steps, you can configure the OCI Events service to send an email notification whenever a Resource Manager job is created in OCI Resource Manager.

Explanation

To mandate image verification when deploying container images to Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Container Engine for Kubernetes (OKE) clusters, you should enable image verification policies separately for each OKE cluster. This is enforced at the cluster level. Enabling image verification policies at the cluster level ensures that all container images deployed to the OKE cluster are automatically verified against the specified master encryption key (MEK). This helps maintain the security and integrity of the deployed microservices by ensuring that only signed and trusted container images are used. Enabling image verification policies at the cluster level allows for consistent and centralized enforcement of the verification process across all nodes and node pools within the cluster. It provides a standardized approach to image verification for the entire cluster, simplifying management and ensuring compliance with the organization's mandate. Enabling image verification policies separately for each node pool or at the pod level would introduce complexity and potential inconsistencies in the verification process. Therefore, enforcing image verification at the cluster level is the recommended approach.

Explanation

The smallest unit of Kubernetes architecture is a Pod. A Pod is a logical grouping of one or more containers that are deployed together on the same host and share the same network namespace, storage, and other resources. It represents the smallest deployable unit in Kubernetes and is used to encapsulate and manage one or more closely related containers. Containers within a Pod are scheduled and deployed together, allowing them to communicate and share resources efficiently.

Explanation

The two components that are part of the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF) container runtime are: containerd: containerd is an open-source container runtime that provides a runtime environment for containers, including managing container images, executing containers, and handling container lifecycle events. It is designed to be lightweight and extensible, providing the necessary functionality to run containers efficiently. runc: runc is a lightweight container runtime that serves as a reference implementation of the Open Container Initiative (OCI) runtime specification. It is responsible for launching and managing containers based on OCI specifications, including handling container isolation, namespaces, cgroups, and other low-level container operations. These two components, containerd and runc, are widely used in the container ecosystem and are part of the CNCF's efforts to promote and develop open-source technologies for cloud-native computing.

The logconfig.json file is a configuration file that specifies how the Unified Monitoring Agent collects and uploads custom logs to the OCI Logging service2. The logconfig.json file contains an array of objects, each representing a custom log configuration2. Each custom log configuration object has the following fields2:

logGroupObjectId: The OCID of the log group where the custom log is stored.

logObjectId: The OCID of the custom log.

paths: An array of paths to files or directories containing the custom logs.

src: A regular expression that matches the files containing the custom logs.

parser: A parser definition that specifies how to parse the custom logs. If the logconfig.json file has incorrect or missing OCID for the custom log in the logobjectId field, or incorrect or missing OCID for the custom log group in the logGroupObjectId field, then the Unified Monitoring Agent will not be able to upload the custom logs to the OCI Logging service2. Therefore, these are potential reasons for logs from the Meshifyd application not showing up in the OCI Logging service. Verified References: Unified Monitoring Agent Configuration File

Explanation

The correct answer is: "A finely tuned piece of software that performs a single or small collection of tasks." Microservices are a software architectural approach where a system is decomposed into small, independent services that are responsible for performing a specific set of tasks. Each microservice is designed to be focused, finely tuned, and highly cohesive, handling a single or a small collection of related tasks. This granularity allows for better scalability, maintainability, and flexibility in building complex applications. The other options provided do not accurately define microservices: An open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications refers to a container orchestration tool like Kubernetes, which can be used to manage microservices but is not a definition of microservices itself. A statically typed and compiled language describes a type of programming language characteristic and is not specific to the concept of microservices. An organized collection of structured information or data, typically stored electronically in a computer system is a definition of a database or data storage system and is unrelated to microservices.

Blue/Green deployment strategy allows releasing a new version of an application using two identical environments where one of them is active at a given time. The current version of the application is provisioned on the active environment, whereas the new version gets deployed to the standby environment1. The traffic is shifted from the active to the standby environment by updating the ingress resource2. Therefore, both old and new application versions are deployed to production at the same time, but only one of them receives the traffic. Verified References: Announcing new deployment strategies for OCI DevOps Service, Blue-Green OKE Deployment

OCI API Gateway supports the following authentication methods for accessing an API deployment3:

HTTP Basic: The client sends a username and password with each request. The credentials are validated against a user database in Oracle Identity Cloud Service (IDCS).

API Key: The client sends an API key with each request. The API key is validated against a list of keys stored in IDCS or OCI Vault.

OAuth: The client obtains an access token from an authorization server (such as IDCS) and sends it with each request. The access token is validated against the authorization server and optionally checked for required scopes.

JWT Token: The client obtains a JSON Web Token (JWT) from an identity provider (such as IDCS or OCI IAM) and sends it with each request. The JWT is validated against the identity provider’s public key and optionally checked for required claims. SAML Token is not a valid authentication method for accessing an OCI API Gateway deployment. SAML is an XML-based standard for exchanging authentication and authorization data between different parties, such as a service provider and an identity provider4. SAML tokens are typically used for web browser single sign-on (SSO) scenarios, not for API access4.

Explanation

The correct answer is: Microservices are used for long running operations while serverless functions are used for short running operations. One of the key differences between microservices and serverless functions is the duration of their execution. Microservices are typically designed to handle long-running operations and may continuously run and process requests as part of a larger system. They are often deployed and managed as long-lived services. On the other hand, serverless functions are designed to handle short-lived operations or tasks that execute in response to specific events or triggers. They are event-driven and execute only when invoked, providing a lightweight and ephemeral computing model. Serverless functions are often used for executing small, isolated pieces of code without the need for managing infrastructure or scaling concerns. While both microservices and serverless functions can be stateless or stateful depending on the specific implementation, the key distinction lies in the typical duration and execution pattern of these components within an application architecture.

OCI Queue is a service for enabling asynchronous (decoupled) communication in a serverless manner3. Queue handles high-volume transactional data that requires independent processing without loss or duplication3. Queue supports ordering of messages within a queue by using the FIFO (first-in-first-out) delivery option3. Therefore, using a single queue to process all transactions ensures that all transactions are processed in order and that no transaction is lost. Verified References: Overview of Queue

Explanation

The correct command to rebuild the API docker image and tag it as OCIdevops/api:latest is: docker build -t OCIdevops/api:latest The docker build command is used to build a Docker image from a Dockerfile. The -t flag is used to specify the name and optionally a tag for the image. In this case, the name of the image is OCIdevops/api and the tag is latest. By running this command, the Docker image will be recreated based on the instructions in the Dockerfile and tagged with the specified name and tag.

To pull a Docker image from OCI Registry to the client machine, you need to use the docker pull command with the following syntax1: docker pull .ocir.io//: where:

is the key for the OCI Registry region you’re using. For example, iad. See Availability by Region1.

ocir.io is the OCI Registry name.

is the auto-generated Object Storage namespace string of the tenancy that owns the repository from which you want to pull the image (as shown on the Tenancy Information page)1.

is the name of the repository that contains the image you want to pull.

is the tag of the image you want to pull.

Explanation

The Fn Project is an open source serverless computing platform that serves as the engine for Oracle Functions. It provides a runtime environment for executing functions in a serverless architecture. The Fn Project enables developers to build and deploy functions using different programming languages, including Java, Python, Node.js, and more. The Fn Project is designed to be flexible and extensible, allowing developers to define functions as small units of code and execute them in response to events or triggers. It supports event-driven execution, allowing functions to be triggered by various events such as HTTP requests, messages from messaging systems, or changes in data. Oracle Functions leverages the Fn Project as its underlying engine, providing a managed serverless platform within the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure. It allows developers to easily develop, deploy, and manage functions using the familiar Fn Project framework and tooling. With Oracle Functions, developers can focus on writing their function code while leaving the infrastructure management, scaling, and operational tasks to the platform.

To push a new Docker container image to a repository in OCI Registry, you need to use an Auth Token to complete the authentication via the Docker CLI1. An Auth Token is a secure, auto-generated password that you can use to authenticate with OCI services such as OCI Registry1. You can generate an Auth Token in the Console by following these steps1:

In the top-right corner of the Console, open the Profile menu and then click User settings to view the details.

On the Auth Tokens page, click Generate Token.

Enter a friendly description for the auth token. Avoid entering confidential information.

Click Generate Token. The new auth token is displayed.

Copy the auth token immediately to a secure location from where you can retrieve it later, because you won’t see the auth token again in the Console.

Close the Generate Token dialog. After generating an Auth Token, you need to log in to OCI Registry by entering docker login .ocir.io in a terminal window on the client machine running Docker, where corresponds to the key for the OCI Registry region you’re using1. When prompted for a username, enter your username in the format /, where is the auto-generated Object Storage namespace string of your tenancy1. When prompted for a password, enter the Auth Token you copied earlier1.

Explanation

The correct API method to read and process a stream in the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Streaming service is "GetMessages". When consuming messages from a stream in OCI Streaming, you use the "GetMessages" API method. This method allows you to retrieve a batch of messages from the stream for processing. You can specify parameters such as the number of messages to retrieve, the maximum size of the messages, and the timeout for the request. By using the "GetMessages" API method, you can retrieve messages from the stream and then process them in your microservices application. This allows you to consume and handle the data in real-time as it becomes available in the stream. The "GetMessages" method provides flexibility in how you consume and process the messages, enabling you to implement custom logic and workflows based on your specific application requirements.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Service Mesh." A service mesh is a configurable, low-latency infrastructure layer that controls the interaction between a network of microservices. It provides functionalities such as service discovery, load balancing, traffic management, security, and observability for microservices-based applications. It is designed to improve communication and manage the complex interactions between services within a distributed system. Service mesh frameworks like Istio and Linkerd are commonly used to implement service mesh architecture.

Explanation

The correct answer is: Enable monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster. Enabling monitoring for all worker nodes in the cluster is not required to collect and parse application logs using Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Logging. Monitoring is a separate feature that allows you to collect metrics and monitor the health and performance of the worker nodes. To collect and parse application logs, you need to perform the following tasks: Set the OCI Logging option to Enabled for the cluster: This enables the OCI Logging service for the cluster. Create a dynamic group with a rule that includes all worker nodes in the cluster: This helps in targeting the logs generated by the worker nodes. Configure a custom log in OCI Logging with the appropriate agent configuration: This involves specifying the log source, log path, and log format to parse and collect the application logs. By completing these tasks, you can collect and parse the application logs generated by the applications running on the worker node compute instances in the OKE cluster.

End-to-end testing is a technique that involves checking the entire user flow as well as the moving parts of a cloud native app, ensuring that there are no high-level discrepancies3. End-to-end testing simulates real user scenarios and validates the functionality, performance, reliability, and security of the app from start to finish3. End-to-end testing has several benefits, such as3:

Comprehensive testing: You can test your app as a whole and verify that all the components work together as expected.

User-centric testing: You can test your app from the user’s perspective and ensure that it meets the user’s needs and expectations.

Quality assurance: You can test your app in a realistic environment and identify any issues or defects before releasing it to the users.

Explanation

The correct syntax for implementing a rolling update deployment strategy in Kubernetes using the kubectl command is: kubectl rolling-update --image=image:v2 This command initiates a rolling update of the specified deployment by updating the container image to image:v2. The rolling update strategy ensures that the new version of the application is gradually deployed while maintaining availability and minimizing downtime.

Explanation

The feature that is typically NOT associated with Cloud Native is "Application Servers." Cloud Native architecture emphasizes lightweight, scalable, and containerized deployments, which often replace traditional monolithic application servers. Instead of relying on application servers, Cloud Native applications are typically deployed as containerized microservices that can be orchestrated and managed using container orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. This approach enables greater flexibility, scalability, and agility in deploying and managing applications. While application servers have been widely used in traditional application architectures, they are not a characteristic feature of Cloud Native architectures. Cloud Native architectures focus on containerization, declarative APIs, immutable infrastructure, and service meshes to enable efficient and scalable deployment and management of applications.

Explanation

The three technologies best suited for implementing a microservices-based application are: Service Mesh: A service mesh is a dedicated infrastructure layer that provides features like service discovery, load balancing, encryption, authentication, and observability for microservices. It helps in managing the communication and interactions between microservices in a scalable and secure manner. Kubernetes: Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that enables the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications. It provides features like automated scaling, service discovery, load balancing, and self-healing capabilities, which are essential for managing microservices in a distributed environment. Docker: Docker is a popular containerization platform that allows packaging applications and their dependencies into lightweight containers. It provides a consistent and portable environment for running microservices, enabling easy deployment and scalability. Docker also facilitates isolation and resource efficiency, making it an ideal choice for deploying microservices. While Big Data, Anomaly Detection, and Terraform are valuable technologies, they are not specifically focused on enabling the implementation of microservices-based applications.

Explanation

The option that is not valid for connecting to an Autonomous Transaction Processing (ATP) Database from a container in Kubernetes is: Install the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Service Broker on the Kubernetes cluster and deploy ServiceInstance and ServiceBinding resources for ATP. Then use the specified binding name as a volume in the application deployment manifest. The Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Service Broker is not used for connecting to an ATP Database from a container in Kubernetes. The Service Broker is used for provisioning and managing cloud services directly from Kubernetes. It allows you to create and manage instances of OCI services using Kubernetes resources like ServiceInstance and ServiceBinding. To connect to an ATP Database from a container in Kubernetes, you can use one of the following valid options: Enable Oracle REST Data Services for the required schemas and connect via HTTPS. This involves enabling and configuring Oracle REST Data Services (ORDS) for the schemas in the ATP Database. You can then connect to the ATP Database using RESTful endpoints provided by ORDS. Use Kubernetes secrets to configure environment variables on the container with ATP instance OCID and OCI API credentials. Then use the CreateConnection API endpoint from the service runtime. This approach involves configuring the necessary environment variables on the container to provide the ATP instance OCID and OCI API credentials. The application can then use the OCI SDK or REST API (such as the CreateConnection endpoint) to establish a connection to the ATP Database. Create a Kubernetes secret with contents from the instance Wallet files. Use this secret to create a volume mounted to the appropriate path in the application deployment manifest. This method involves creating a Kubernetes secret that contains the necessary credentials from the ATP Database's instance wallet files. The secret can then be mounted as a volume in the application deployment, allowing the application to access the required credentials for connecting to the ATP Database. Both options 1 and 3 provide valid approaches for connecting to an ATP Database from a container in Kubernetes, depending on the specific requirements and preferences of the application.