D-ISM-FN-01 Questions and Answers

Native NVMeis a protocol designed for direct-attached storage (DAS) environments. It allows a host to communicate with NVM storage devices (like NVMe SSDs) within the same server.

Limitation:Native NVMedoes notsupport external NVMe storage connectivity beyond the server.

To connect to external shared NVMe storage, protocols likeNVMe over Fabrics (NVMe-oF)are used.

Total operational hours required: 12 hours/day × 5 days = 60 hours

Total downtime during required hours:

Monday: 2 hours

Wednesday: 1 hour (only 5 PM to 6 PM counts)

AnF_port (Fabric port)is used on a Fibre Channel switch to connectN_ports (Node ports)on end devices like servers and storage arrays.

N_port:On the compute system (HBA).

F_port:On the switch, accepting N_port connections.

E_port:For switch-to-switch ISL (Inter-Switch Link) connections.

G_port:A generic port that can operate as either an F_port or an E_port (not the direct answer in this scenario).

The orchestration layer in a modern data center architecture is responsible for automating and coordinating complex tasks and workflows. It enables the integration and management of various services and resources to perform business operations efficiently.

Physical infrastructure:Comprises the hardware components.

Virtual infrastructure:Includes virtualized resources like VMs.

Services:Deliver specific functionalities to end-users.

Signature-based detectionis the most common method of malware detection. It works by comparing files and data to a database of known malware signatures:

Fast and efficient for known threats.

Updated regularly by security vendors.

Reputation-based:Looks at the trustworthiness of files/domains.

Behavioral:Monitors actions and identifies suspicious patterns.

Heuristic:Detects new malware based on file behaviors and patterns, useful for unknown threats.

TheTransport layer (Layer 4)of the OSI model ensures reliable data transfer between systems by providing:

End-to-end connections– manages communication sessions

Sequencing– orders data packets

Integrity– error detection and correction

Session (Layer 5): Manages sessions and controls dialogues between systems.

Data Link (Layer 2): Deals with local network frame delivery.

Presentation (Layer 6): Translates data formats (like encryption, compression).

To calculate the MTBF, we need to determine the total operational time and the number of failures.

Total operational time (Monday to Friday):5 days × 24 hours = 120 hours

Number of failures:3 (Tuesday, Thursday, Friday)

MTBF = Total operational time / Number of failures

MTBF = 120 hours / 3 = 40 hours

In continuous data protection (CDP), journal space stores all the changes made to data over time. The amount of journal space determines the retention window, i.e., how far back in time data can be recovered. A larger journal allows for a longer recovery window.

Amount of space the source and replica volumes require:Relates to storage capacity, not recovery time.

Length of time required to recover the data:Depends on system performance and data size.

Amount of data that can be restored to a specific point:Depends on the changes captured in the journal.

ACDP appliancesits in the data path and:

Intercepts all writesto the production volume.

Splits each write into two copies: one goes to the production volume, the other to the replica volume.

Maintains a journal for point-in-time recovery.

Option A/B/C: These are aspects of replication, but CDP’s primary function is real-time interception and splitting of writes.

OSD gateways provide access to object storage systems through APIs. The most common interfaces are:

REST (Representational State Transfer): A stateless protocol using standard HTTP methods, widely used for web services.

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol): A protocol for exchanging structured information in web services, using XML.

These APIs allow applications to interact with object storage systems over HTTP/HTTPS protocols.

SSH and SMB: SSH is for secure shell access; SMB is for file sharing, not typically used for object storage.

HTTP and HTTPS: These are transport protocols; while used by REST and SOAP, they are not interfaces themselves.

NFS and CIFS: File-based interfaces, not used for object storage.

The primary purpose of a data backup solution is tomaintain business continuityby ensuring data can be restored in case of accidental deletion, hardware failure, or data corruption.

Not to reduce storage costs:Archiving and tiering handle that.

Not to improve application performance:Backup processes typically don't enhance live performance.

Not to reduce archive usage:Backup and archive have different use cases.

Capacity planning reports in storage environments focus on:

Utilization trendsof storage systems (e.g., used vs. available space)

File system usage(volumes, file systems)

Ports (SAN/NAS connections)

This enables proactive capacity management and ensures enough resources are available to meet future demands.

Routers are networking devices that determine the optimal path for data packets to travel across networks. They primarily operate at Layer 3 of the OSI model, known as the Network Layer. This layer is responsible for logical addressing and routing, enabling data to move between different networks.

Layer 2 (Data Link Layer):Handles physical addressing and is the primary domain of switches.

Layer 3 (Network Layer):Manages logical addressing (IP addresses) and routing; the main operational layer for routers.

Layer 4 (Transport Layer):Ensures reliable data transfer but is not the primary layer for routers.

Layer 7 (Application Layer):Interfaces with end-user applications; not relevant to routing functions.