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Forensic Investigator Patel is analyzing network traffic related to a cyber-attack. The traffic was routed through the Tor network, making it challenging to trace the origin of malicious activities. During the investigation, Patel identifies suspicious traffic leaving the Tor network through a specific relay. In the investigation, which type of Tor relay is most likely to face legal scrutiny and complaints due to its visibility to destination servers, even if it is not the origin of malicious traffic?
Arnold, a forensic investigator, was tasked with analyzing a corporate network that was suspected of having unauthorized access points. He was particularly concerned about the possibility of rogue access points that might have been introduced by an attacker. To gain full visibility into the network and its components, Arnold employed a forensic tool that allowed him to analyze network traffic, monitor various access points for anomalies, and detect suspicious behaviors indicative of rogue devices. Arnold examined the log data provided by the tool, which gave him insights into the network's activities and helped him confirm whether any unauthorized devices were operating on the network. Which tool did Arnold employ in the above scenario?
A digital forensics examiner is investigating a suspected case of corporate espionage involving the theft of sensitive intellectual property from a company's servers. In adherence to ENFSI Best Practices for Forensic Examination of Digital Technology,
what would be the examiner's primary concern?
An investigator is working on a complex financial fraud case involving multiple government agencies. As part of the investigation, the investigator seeks to acquire certain government records to help uncover potentially fraudulent activities and determine the full scope of the crime. However, one of the government agencies involved denies access to some of the requested records, citing national security concerns and invoking a statutory exemption. Which law governs the investigator's right to request these records, and which exemption might prevent disclosure?
Hazel, a forensic investigator, is analyzing the SSH logs on a Linux server usingjournalctl. She needs to extract thefingerprint of the SSH keyfrom the logs to trace any potential unauthorized access. Which of the following commands should Hazel execute to view the SSH key fingerprint in the SSH unit logs?
After a cybercrime investigation involving a compromised Windows system, an investigator is tasked with recovering private browsing artifacts. The investigator decides to retrieve data from the pagefile.sys and other live memory captures to identify traces of activity from private browsing modes.
Which tool should the investigator use to analyze the live system and recover these private browsing artifacts?
During a forensic investigation into a suspected data breach, the eDiscovery team is tasked with collecting and preserving digital evidence from a compromised computer system. The team must deploy specialized tools to extract relevant data, such as emails, files, and system logs, from the machine. One team member is responsible for deploying these tools, configuring them for the specific needs of the investigation, and maintaining them throughout the entire data collection process. This individual ensures that the tools operate correctly and remain effective during the forensic analysis. Which of the following members of the eDiscovery team is responsible for this task?
During a forensic investigation of a website, an analyst examines an IIS log entry to gather information on web traffic. The log entry shows the following:
2023-07-12 06:11:41 192.168.0.10 GET /images/content/bg_body_1.jpg - 80 - 192.168.0.27 Mozilla/12.0+
(Windows+NT+6.3;+WOW64)+AppleWebKit/537.36+(KHTML,+like+Gecko)+Chrome/48.0.2564.103+Safari/537.36
http://www.techsite.com/assets/img/logo.png 200 0 0 365
The analyst needs to identify the field that contains the value
http://www.techsite.com/assets/img/logo.png in the log entry.
Which of the following fields does this value belong to?
Imagine you, as a forensic investigator, are assigned to investigate a cybercrime involving a Windows-based system. The system has experienced significant file loss due to the attack, and retrieving the missing files is essential for the investigation. To facilitate this, you choose an automated tool capable of restoring critical files that were lost during the incident, ensuring the integrity of the evidence. Which tool would be the most suitable for this task?
During a forensic investigation into a suspected data breach, the investigator discovers that the attacker has intentionally tampered with the digital storage media to erase evidence. Upon examination, the investigator finds that all addressable locations on the storage device have been replaced with arbitrary characters, making it impossible to recover the legitimate files that were originally stored on the drive, even with advanced forensic tools.
Which anti-forensic technique was used by the attacker in this case?
You're a digital forensics investigator tasked with analyzing a bitmap image file (BMP) to gather information about its structure and contents. Understanding the file structure and data components is essential for conducting a thorough analysis. Which component of a bitmap image file contains data about the type, size, and layout of the file?
During a cybercrime investigation, investigators obtain a warrant to search a suspect's computer system for evidence of hacking activities. As they collect data from the suspect's electronic devices, they inadvertently access information revealing the identities of other users connected to the system.
Which step in the cybercrime investigation process raises concerns related to privacy issues?
In a digital forensic investigation, analysts focus on extracting crucial data from SQLite databases found in mobile device memory dumps. These databases, containing information like contacts, text messages, and emails, play a vital role in uncovering evidence pertinent to the investigation. What steps should investigators follow to extract data from an SQLite database?
During a typical workday, employees at a reputable financial institution notice unusual behavior on their network. Suddenly, emails flood in from concerned customers reporting suspicious login attempts and strange pop-up messages. Panic ensues as the IT department investigates, discovering signs of an external attack targeting their network security.
What are examples of external attacks that pose a threat to corporate networks?
In a computer forensics seminar, Investigator Miller raises concerns about the legal complexities arising from rapid technological advancements. He stresses the importance of continuous adaptation to new technologies for effective investigations. To gauge understanding, he presents the following scenario:
Investigator Smith encountersencrypted datastored on a suspect’s hard drive. Unsure of the legality surrounding decryption, what should Investigator Smith do?
During a forensic investigation into a recent security incident within an organization, the investigator is tasked with documenting every action taken with the evidence to ensure proper chain of custody. The investigator carefully documents every action taken with the evidence in a logbook. The evidence is tagged with unique identifiers to prevent confusion. A detailed chain of custody record is also created to track the evidence's movement and handling throughout the investigation. Which investigation step is the investigator performing in this scenario?
As an IoT forensic investigator, you are tasked with investigating a cybercrime involving a compromised Smart TV and other IoT devices. The investigation requires extracting data from various IoT devices, including drones, wearables, and SD cards, to gather crucial evidence. You need a tool capable of performing both physical and logical extractions from these devices, covering mobile devices running Android, iOS, Tizen OS, and chip-off memory sources. Which of the following tools would be most suitable for this investigation?
As a cybersecurity investigator, you're conducting system behavior analysis on a suspect system to detect hidden Trojans. One method involves monitoring startup programs to identify any alterations made by malware.
What command can investigators use in the command prompt to view all boot manager entries and check for potential Trojans added to the startup menu?
In the realm of web accessibility, there are three layers: theSurface Web, which is easily accessible and indexed by standard search engines; theDeep Web, which contains unindexed content such as confidential databases and private portals; and theDark Web, a clandestine environment often associated with illegal activities like drug trafficking and cybercrime, accessible through specialized browsers such as Tor.
What distinguishes theDark Webfrom the Surface and Deep Web?
During a routine network audit, the cybersecurity team at a large organization detects unusual network traffic patterns and unauthorized access attempts to sensitive systems, indicating a potential security breach. In accordance with theIncident Response Process Flow, what should be the immediate priority for the cybersecurity teamafter various third-party vendors and clients are informed of the incident?
You, as a forensic investigator, have been assigned to investigate a case involving the suspect's email communication. During the investigation, you discover that the emails from the suspect's Trash folder may contain crucial evidence. The emails are stored in.pst files, and you must extract and analyze all relevant email messages, including those that were deleted or marked as corrupted. To ensure the integrity of the data, you need a tool that can efficiently process these files, recover any deleted messages, and provide a clear view of the email contents for analysis. Which of the following tools would be best suited for this task?
Gianna, a forensic investigator, is tasked with ensuring the integrity of the forensic image file she created from a suspect's hard drive. To verify that the image file matches the original drive, she needs to use a command that compares the image file to the original medium.
Which of the following dcfldd commands should she use to perform the verification?
Rachel, a forensic investigator, is examining a network-attached storage (NAS) device to recover files from a shared storage system used by a company. She needs to understand how files are being accessed and shared across different users. Which of the following file-sharing protocols should Rachel examine to understand how the files are accessed in this environment?
During a digital forensics investigation, suspicious activity is detected in a Google Cloud Platform (GCP) environment. The investigation team gains access to logs and metadata from the GCP services.
In Google Cloud forensics, what role do logs and metadata play in the investigation process?
As part of a digital investigation, a forensic expert needs to analyze a server suspected of hosting illicit content. The server has multiple volumes and partitions. To proceed with the analysis, the investigator needs to gather evidence from a location on the server where user files, documents, and system metadata are typically stored.
Which of the following storage locations should the investigator primarily focus on for this purpose?
A user in an authoritarian country seeks to access the Tor network but faces heavy internet censorship. By utilizingbridge nodes, the user’s connection is disguised, allowing them to bypass restrictions. Bridge nodes are not listed in public Tor directories, making it difficult for ISPs and governments to identify and block Tor traffic.
How do bridge nodes assist users in accessing the Tor network despite censorship?
A company's network experiences a sudden slowdown, prompting suspicion of a cyberattack. Network administrators utilize log analysis tools to scrutinize traffic patterns and pinpoint anomalies, aiding in the detection of a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. In the described scenario, what is the primary purpose of using network log analysis tools?
During a forensic investigation, the team is responsible for ensuring that the forensic laboratory remains secure. As part of the security protocols, the lab has implemented a system to record all visitors, including details such as name, address, time of visit, and the purpose of the visit. This helps maintain an accurate record of admittance and ensures that only authorized personnel can enter the facility. Which of the following considerations is being followed to maintain this level of security in the lab?
Lucas, a forensics expert, was extracting artifacts related to the Tor browser from a memory dump obtained from a victim’s system. During his investigation, he used a forensic tool to extract relevant information and noticed that the dump contained the least possible number of artifacts as evidence. Based on his observations, which of the following conditions resulted in the least number of artifacts being found in the memory dump?
During a forensic investigation of a compromised Windows system, Investigator Sarah is tasked with extracting artifacts related to the system'spagefile.sys. She needs to navigate through the registry to locate this specific information. Which of the following registry paths should Sarah examine to extract pagefile.sys artifacts from the system?
In a RAID 1 setup, a company's critical database is stored across two mirrored hard drives. During a routine system check, one of the hard drives suddenly fails due to a hardware malfunction. The redundant data stored on the remaining drive ensures that the database remains intact and accessible, allowing the company to continue operations without any data loss. How does RAID 1 ensure data integrity and availability in the event of a hard drive failure?
A digital forensics investigator is tasked with analyzing a compromised Mac computer recovered from a cybercrime scene. However, upon examination, the investigator discovers that the log messages containing crucial evidence have been tampered with or deleted.
Given the tampering or deletion of log messages on the Mac computer, which anti-forensic technique is likely employed to hinder the forensic analysis process in this scenario?
A cybersecurity analyst is tasked with investigating a series of network anomalies. They employ various event correlation approaches, including graph-based analysis to map system dependencies and neural network-based anomaly detection. Through rule-based correlation and vulnerability-based mapping, they pinpoint potential threats and prioritize response actions effectively.
Which event correlation approach involves constructing a graph with system components as nodes and their dependencies as edges?
Sophia, a cybersecurity analyst, is investigating a data breach within a company. The breach is suspected to have come from an insider, as sensitive company data was altered from within the company’s network. Sophia needs to determine whether the breach was caused by an insider (someone within the company) or an external attacker (someone from outside the company).
Which of the following factors would most likely indicate that the breach was carried out by an insider?
An investigator is working on a digital forensics case involving a suspected data breach. The investigator is tasked with acquiring data from the suspect's hard drive. Before beginning the data extraction process, the investigator securely removes all sensitive data from the drive. To ensure that no residual data can be recovered from the drive, the investigator applies a method to overwrite the data on the drive using a series of sequential zeros and ones, thereby protecting the privacy and integrity of the investigation. Which forensic data acquisition step is the investigator performing?
You're a forensic investigator tasked with analyzing a potential security breach on an Internet Information Services (IIS) web server. Your objective is to collect and analyze IIS logs to determine how and from where the attack occurred. Where are IIS log files typically stored by default on Windows Server operating systems?
Emma, a forensic investigator, discovers that the attacker has tampered with the timestamp metadata of several files, making it difficult to accurately determine when the files were created, accessed, or modified. Emma needs to identify files with manipulated timestamps to uncover hidden evidence. Which of the following tools can Emma use to detect timestamp modifications on NTFS file systems?
Ethan, a forensic investigator, is analyzing a suspect's computer and finds a suspicious file that may be related to a cybercrime. Upon examining the file's metadata, Ethan discovers that the file has been modified several times and was last accessed shortly before the crime took place. Which of the following forensic methods would be most useful for Ethan to determine whether the file was tampered with or manipulated?
During a cybercrime investigation, forensic analysts discover evidence of data theft from a company's network. The attackers have utilized sophisticated techniques to cover their tracks and erase digital footprints, making it challenging to trace the origin of the breach. In the scenario described, what objective of computer forensics is crucial for investigators to focus on in order to effectively identify and prosecute the perpetrators?
During a forensic investigation into a suspected cyberattack, the investigator checks network logs that were collected during the period of the incident. The investigator's objective is to examine these logs to determine the exact sequence of events that took place, identify the source of the attack, and understand the nature of the incident. This analysis helps in uncovering what occurred, how it happened, and who was responsible for it.
Which of the following techniques is the investigator using in this case?
TESTED 24 Feb 2026